英文的關係代名詞有三種:普通關係代名詞 (common relative pronoun)、複合關係代名詞 (compound relative pronoun) 及準關係代名詞 (quasi relative pronoun)。在進入本文主題之前,讓我們先來複習一下「(普通)關代」的基本概念:
普通關係代名詞分「表人」(human) 與「非表人」(non-human) 兩種,它們本身並無人稱、性別與數之差別,但有不同的「格」:
「表人」
主格 who 所有格 whose 受格 whom
「非表人」(即表動物或事物)
主格 which 所有格 whose (of which) 受格 which
不論「表人」或「非表人」之關係代名詞,其主格或受格皆可用 that 來代替:
主格 that 所有格 (whose) 受格 that
[例a] This is the man whom I spoke to.
=This is the man who I spoke to.
◎ 重 要 文 法 重 點 ◎
①「非表人」的關係代名詞 which 並無主格與受格的差異。
②「表人」的 who 和「非表人」的 which 之所有格皆為 whose。
③ 可用來代替 who、whom 和 which 的關係代名詞 that 本身並無所有格,因此若要表達「所有」亦須使用 whose。
④ 現代英語中常用 who 來取代 whom,如下方例 a。
[例a] This is the man whom I spoke to.
=This is the man who I spoke to.
=This is the man that I spoke to.
=This is the man to whom I spoke.
≠ This is the man to who I spoke.
=This is the man to whom I spoke.
≠ This is the man to who I spoke.
※ 在口語中受格的關係代名詞常被省略。因此上句又可說成:
=This is the man I spoke to.
這就是我跟他說話的那個人。
再看一組「非表人」的關代使用例句。
[例b] I like the book which he talks about all the time.
=I like the book that he talks about all the time.
[例b] I like the book which he talks about all the time.
=I like the book that he talks about all the time.
※ 注意!介系詞 about 若置於關係代名詞前,則關係代名詞只能選擇用 which,而不可用 that:
=I like the book about which he talks all the time.
≠ I like the book about that he talks all the time.
≠ I like the book about that he talks all the time.
※ 在句中作受詞的 which 可以省略:
=I like the book he talks about all the time.
我喜歡他一直在談論的那本書。